JPhrases/Geometry

9F. Geometry

We begin with some simple functions (Length, Area, Volume) of various figures (rectangle, box, circle, cone, sphere, pyramid) applied to a length or list of lengths. For example:

m0=: Ar=: */	Area of rectangle
m1=: Ab=: 2: * [:+/ ] *1&|.	Area of box
m2=: Vb=: */	Volume of box
m3=: Lci=: 2: * o.	Length (circumference) of circle (radius)
m4=: Aci=: [:o. ] ^ 2:	Area of circle (r)
d5=: Aco=: o.@*	Area of cone, excluding base (h r)
d6=: Vco=: 1r3p1"_ * ] * *	Volume of cone (h r)
m7=: As=: 4p1"_ * ] ^ 2:	Area of sphere (r)
m8=: Vs=: 4r3p1"_ * ] ^ 3:	Volume of sphere (r)
m9=: L=: +/&.(*:"_)"1	Length of a vector
d10=: Lp=: [: L [ , [: L [: -: ]	Length of edges of pyramid (h w,l)
d11=: Ap=: [:+/ ]* [:L"1 [,"0-:@]	Area of pyramid, excluding base (h w,l)
d12=: Vp=: 1r3"_ * */@,	Volume of pyramid
m13=: sp=: -:@(+/)	Semi-perimeter
m14=: h=: [: %: [: */ sp - 0: , ]	Heron's formula for area of triangle

For example:

   h 3 4 5
6

   h 51 52 53
1170

   h 2 2 2
1.73205

In treating coordinate geometry we will use a list of n elements to represent a point in n-space, and an m by n table to represent a polygon of m vertices. For example:

   p=: 3 1 [ q=: 4 1 [ r=: 5 9   NB. Three points
   T=: p,q,:r                    NB. A triangle
   L=: +/&.(*:"_)"1              NB. Length function
   L p
3.16228

   u=: 1&|.   Rotate up
   D=: u-]   Displacements

   ,.&.>(];u;D;L@D)T3            NB. Displacements and lengths (of sides)
+---+---+-----+-------+
|3 1|4 1| 1  0|      1|
|4 1|5 9| 1  8|8.06226|
|5 9|3 1|_2 _8|8.24621|
+---+---+-----+-------+

   line=: 3 1 4,:1 5 9           NB. A line in 3-space
   (];-/;L@(-/);L)               NB. line Line, disp, length, distances to ends
+-----+-------+------+---------------+
|3 1 4|2 _4 _5|6.7082|5.09902 10.3441|
|1 5 9|       |      |               |
+-----+-------+------+---------------+

   T3=: ?.3 3$10                 NB. Random triangle in 3-space
   ,.&.>(];u;D;L@D) T3
+-----+-----+--------+-------+
|1 7 4|5 2 0| 4 _5 _4|7.54983|
|5 2 0|6 6 9| 1  4  9|9.89949|
|6 6 9|1 7 4|_5  1 _5|7.14143|
+-----+-----+--------+-------+

m15 =: L=: +/&.(*:"_)"1	Length
m16=: D=: 1&|.-]	Displacement
m17=: LS=: L"1@D	Lengths of sides
m18=: S=: 1&o.@(*&1r180p1)	Sine in degrees
m19=: C=: 2&o.@(*&1r180p1)	Cosine in degrees
m20=: r=: (C,S),:(-@S,C)	2-dim rotation matrix in degrees
m21=: b=: <"1@(,"0/~)	Table of boxed index pairs: do i 0 2
d22=: R=: (r@])`(b@[)`(=@i.@3:)}	3-dim rm: From axis 0 to 2 is 0 2 R a
d23=: mp=: +/ . *	Matrix product
m24=: R3=: (2 0"_ R 0&{)mp(1 2"_ R 1&{)mp(0 1"_ R 2&{)	R3 p,q,r is p-rotate from axis 2 to 1 on q-r from 1 to 2 on r-r from 0 to 1
m25=: Det=: -/ . *	Determinant
m26=: Area=: [:Det ] ,. %@!@{:@$	Area of triangle
m27=: Vol=: Area f.	Volume of simplex in n-space (fixed)
d28=: dsplitby=: ~:/@:*@:Vol@:(,"1 2)	Are points pairs (2 by n matrix) x separated by n by n simplex y?
m29=: Area2=: [: -: [: +/ 2: Det\ ]	Area of polygon

Area yields the area of a triangle expressed as a 3 by 2 list of x-y coordinates:

   TT
3 3
6 5
2 7

   Area TT
7

Area2 also yields the area of a triangle, expressed by a similar table, but with the top row repeated at the bottom:

   TT2
3 3
6 5
2 7
3 3

   Area2 TT2
7

It is more general, however, and will yield the area of arbitrary polygons:

   Polygon
 7 2
10 5
 6 8
 3 6
 4 3
 7 2

   Area2 Polygon
24.5