JPhrases/AdverbsConjunctions

2D. Adverbs & Conjunctions

Adverbs from Conjunctions

A conjunction together with one of its arguments produces an adverb defined in an obvious way. For example, if a1=: &3 ,then ^ a1 is equivalent to ^&3 (the cube function), and if a2=: 3& then ^ a2 is equivalent to 3&^ (the three-to-the-power function). It is therefore easy to define useful families of adverbs from a conjunction, so easy that it is fruitless to attempt an exhaustive catalogue. The following list is intended to suggest the possibilities in various classes:

a0=: I=: ^:_1	Inverse (^I is ^.)
a1=: L=: ^:_	Limit (2&o.L 1 for soln of y=cos y)
a2=: LI=: ^:__	Limit of inverse
a3=: SQ=: ^:2	Square (1&o.SQ for sine squared)
a4=: C=: &o.	Family of circular fns (3 C is tangent)
a5=: CO=: %@C	3 CO is cotangent
m6=: rfd=: 1r180p1&*	Radians from degrees
m7=: dfr=: rfd I	Use dfr=: dfr f. to fix definition
a8=: D=: @rfd	Try 1 C D 0 30 45 60 90 180
m9=: SIN=: 1&o. D	Sine for degree arguments
a10=: T=: "2	Try <T I. 2 3 4 3 (BOX TABLES)
a11=: S=: ^!.	Stope (rising or falling factorial fn etc)
a12=: P=: p.!.	Stope polynomial
.!.	Fill for shift (non-cyclic rotate)
a14=: FILE=: 1!:	File functions (1 FILE for read, etc.)

Explicit Definitions

An adverb or a conjunction can be defined in explicit form. For example:

   split=: 2 : ',.@(x@(y&{.) ; x@(y&}.))'
   ]mm=: i. 5 3
 0  1  2
 3  4  5
 6  7  8
 9 10 11
12 13 14

   (+: split 2 ,. |. split 3 ,. +/ split 2) mm
+--------+--------+--------+
|0 2  4  |6 7 8   |3 5 7   |
|6 8 10  |3 4 5   |        |
|        |0 1 2   |        |
+--------+--------+--------+
|12 14 16|12 13 14|27 30 33|
|18 20 22| 9 10 11|        |
|24 26 28|        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+

c15=: split=: 2 : ',.@(x@(y&{.) ; x@(y&}.))'	split as defined above
d16=: by=: ' '&;@,.@[,.]	Verb for use in the table adverb below
d17=: over=: ({.;}.)@":@,	Verb for use in the table adverb below
a18=: table=: 1 :'[ by ]over x/'	Try 1 2 3 * table 4 5 6 7

Noun Arguments

Adverbs that apply to a noun argument, and conjunctions that apply to one noun argument and one verb argument are commonplace. For example:

   v1=: 0 0 1 1 [ v2=: 0 1 0 1
   v1 *. v2			NB. Boolean and
0 0 0 1

   v1 1 b. v2			NB. Boolean adverb
0 0 0 1

   v1 (i.16) b. v2		NB. All sixteen Boolean functions
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

   C=: 1 : 'x&o.'               NB. Circle adverb
   1 C 0 1r4p1 1r3p1 1r2p1 1p1	NB. Sine function
0 0.7071068 0.8660254 1 0

   ^&3 vv=: i. 6		NB. Cube
0 1 8 27 64 125

   2 |. !. 1 vv			NB. Shift in ones
2 3 4 5 1 1

Conjunctions that apply to two nouns are less familiar, although the definitions of functions in terms of nouns occur frequently in math. For example, a rational function (the quotient of a polynomial a&p. divided by another b&p.) is defined by a pair of coefficients. Thus:

   a=: 1 4 6 4 1 [ b=: 1 2 1
   RAT=: 2 : 'x&p. % y&p.'
   a RAT b
1 4 6 4 1&p. % 1 2 1&p.

   a RAT b vv=: i.6
1 4 9 16 25 36

   b RAT a vv
1 0.25 0.111111 0.0625 0.04 0.0277778

   (a RAT b * b RAT a) vv
1 1 1 1 1 1

We may also remark that expressions such as 2 x^3^ and 2 x^3^ + 4 x^2^ are commonly used in elementary math to define functions rather than to indicate explicit computation: the x in the foregoing can be construed (and defined) as a conjunction such that 2 x 3 is the function 2:*]^3: . Thus:

   ff=: 2 : 'x&* @ (^&y) " 0'
   2 ff 3
2&*@(^&3)"0

   2 ff 3 vv=: 0 1 2 3 4 5
0 2 16 54 128 250

   2 * vv ^ 3
0 2 16 54 128 250

   2 3 5 ff 1 2 4 vv
 0  0    0
 2  3    5
 4 12   80
 6 27  405
 8 48 1280
10 75 3125

The last result above gave the values of the individual terms; in order to obtain their sums (and yet retain the behaviour for a single term), we redefine the conjunction x as follows:

   ff=: 2 : '+/ @ (x&* @ (^&y)) " 0'
   2 3 5 ff 1 2 4 vv
0 10 96 438 1336 3210

   (2 ff 1 + 3 ff 2 + 5 ff 4) vv
0 10 96 438 1336 3210

   2 ff 3 vv
0 2 16 54 128 250

c19=: RAT=: 2 : 'x&p. % y&p.'	Produces rational function
c20=: x=: 2 : '+/ @ (x&* @ (^&y)) " 0'	Mimics notation of elementary math
c21=: bind=: 2 : 'x @ (y"_)'	Binds y to the monad x

It is often convenient to bind an argument to a monad, producing a function that ignores its argument. For example, using wdinfo , a monad that displays its argument in a message box, the definition fini=: wdinfo bind 'Job Finished' produces a function such that fini'' is equivalent to wdinfo 'Job Finished' .