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2D. Adverbs & Conjunctions

Adverbs from Conjunctions

A conjunction together with one of its arguments produces an adverb defined in an obvious way. For example, if a1=: &3 ,then ^ a1 is equivalent to ^&3 3 (the cube function), and if a2=: 3& then ^ a2 is equivalent to 3&^ (the three-to-the-power function). It is therefore easy to define useful families of adverbs from a conjunction, so easy that it is fruitless to attempt an exhaustive catalogue. The following list is intended to suggest the possibilities in various classes:

a0=: I=: ^:_1 Inverse (^I is ^.)
a1=: L=: ^:_ Limit (2&o.L 1 for soln of y=cos y)
a2=: LI=: ^:__ Limit of inverse
a3=: SQ=: ^:2 Square (1&o.SQ for sine squared)
a4=: C=: &o. Family of circular fns (3 C is tangent)
a5=: CO=: %@C 3 CO is cotangent
m6=: rfd=: 1r180p1&* Radians from degrees
m7=: dfr=: rfd I Use dfr=: dfr f. to fix definition
a8=: D=: @rfd Try 1 C D 0 30 45 60 90 180
m9=: SIN=: 1&o. D Sine for degree arguments
a10=: T=: "2 Try <T I. 2 3 4 3 (BOX TABLES)
a11=: S=: ^!. Stope (rising or falling factorial fn etc)
a12=: P=: p.!. Stope polynomial
a13=: FILL=: |.!. Fill for shift (non-cyclic rotate)
a14=: FILE=: 1!: File functions (1 FILE for read, etc.)

Explicit Definitions

An adverb or a conjunction can be defined in explicit form. For example:

   split=: 2 : ',.@(x@(y&{.) ; x@(y&}.))'
   ]x=: i. 5 3
 0  1  2
 3  4  5
 6  7  8
 9 10 11
12 13 14

   (+: split 2 ,. |. split 3 ,. +/ split 2) x
+--------+--------+--------+
|0 2  4  |6 7 8   |3 5 7   |
|6 8 10  |3 4 5   |        |
|        |0 1 2   |        |
+--------+--------+--------+
|12 14 16|12 13 14|27 30 33|
|18 20 22| 9 10 11|        |
|24 26 28|        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+
c15=: split=: 2 : ',.@(x@(y&{.) ; x@(y&}.))' split as defined above
d16=: by=: ' '&;@,.@[,.] Verb for use in the table adverb below
d17=: over=: ({.;}.)@":@,Verb for use in the table adverb below
a18=: table=: 1 :'[ by ]over x/' Try 1 2 3 * table 4 5 6 7

Noun Arguments

Adverbs that apply to a noun argument, and conjunctions that apply to one noun argument and one verb argument are commonplace. For example:

   x=: 0 0 1 1 [ y=: 0 1 0 1
   x *. y			NB. Boolean and
0 0 0 1

   x 1 b. y			NB. Boolean adverb
0 0 0 1

   x (i.16) b. y		NB. All sixteen Boolean functions
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

   C=: 1 : 'x&o.'              NB. Circle adverb
   1 C 0 1r4p1 1r3p1 1r2p1 1p1	NB. Sine function
0 0.7071068 0.8660254 1 0

   ^&3 x=: i. 6	 		NB. Cube
0 1 8 27 64 125

   2 |. !. 1 x			NB. Shift in ones
2 3 4 5 1 1

Conjunctions that apply to two nouns are less familiar, although the definitions of functions in terms of nouns occur frequently in math. For example, a rational function (the quotient of a polynomial a&p. divided by another b&p.) is defined by a pair of coefficients. Thus:

   a=: 1 4 6 4 1 [ b=: 1 2 1
   RAT=: 2 : 'x&p. % y&p.'
   a RAT b
1 4 6 4 1&p. % 1 2 1&p.

   a RAT b y=: i.6
1 4 9 16 25 36

   b RAT a y
1 0.25 0.111111 0.0625 0.04 0.0277778

   (a RAT b * b RAT a) y
1 1 1 1 1 1

We may also remark that expressions such as 2 x3 and 2 x3 + 4 x2 are commonly used in elementary math to define functions rather than to indicate explicit computation: the x in the foregoing can be construed (and defined) as a conjunction such that 2 x 3 is the function 2:*]^3: . Thus:

   x=: 2 : 'x&* @ (^&y) " 0'
   2 x 3
2&*@(^&3)"0

   2 x 3 y=: 0 1 2 3 4 5
0 2 16 54 128 250

   2 * y ^ 3
0 2 16 54 128 250

   2 3 5 x 1 2 4 y
 0  0    0
 2  3    5
 4 12   80
 6 27  405
 8 48 1280
10 75 3125

The last result above gave the values of the individual terms; in order to obtain their sums (and yet retain the behaviour for a single term), we redefine the conjunction x as follows:

   x=: 2 : '+/ @ (x&* @ (^&y)) " 0'
   2 3 5 x 1 2 4 y
0 10 96 438 1336 3210

   (2 x 1 + 3 x 2 + 5 x 4) y
0 10 96 438 1336 3210

   2 x 3 y
0 2 16 54 128 250
c19=: RAT=: 2 : 'x&p. % y&p.'Produces rational function
c20=: x=: 2 : '+/ @ (x&* @ (^&y)) " 0'Mimics notation of elementary math
c21=: bind=: 2 : 'x @ (y"_)' Binds y to the monad x

It is often convenient to bind an argument to a monad, producing a function that ignores its argument. For example, using wdinfo , a monad that displays its argument in a message box, the definition fini=: wdinfo bind 'Job Finished' produces a function such that fini is equivalent to wdinfo 'Job Finished' .



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