Essays/Gaussian Integers

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Introduction

A Gaussian integer is a complex number whose real and imaginary parts are both integers. In the J complex datatype each atom is represented by two 64-bit floating point numbers. Here we use a list of two integers to represent a Gaussian integer. For example:

   x=: 2 _5
   ] y=: (!21x) , 6^29x
51090942171709440000 36845653286788892983296

The Gaussian integer x is one whose real part is 2 and imaginary part _5 , and the Gaussian integer y is one whose real part is 51090942171709440000 and whose imaginary part is 36845653286788892983296 .

Basic Operations

plus      =: +"1
minus     =: -"1
times     =: (-/@:* , (+/@:* |.)) " 1
conjugate =: 1 _1 *"1 ]

For example:

   3 4 plus 2 _5
5 _1
   3 4 minus 2 _5
1 9
   3 4 times 2 _5
26 _7
   conjugate 3 4
3 _4
   3 4 times conjugate 3 4
25 0

   ] y=: _2 ]\ 3 5 7 _11 _13 17 _19 _23
  3   5
  7 _11
_13  17
_19 _23
   3 5 times y
 _16   30
  76    2
_124  _14
  58 _164

Euclidean Ring

The Gaussian integers form an Euclidean ring: There is a function D=: +/@:*:"1 that applies to Gaussian integers to produce non-negative integers, such that for all non-zero Gaussian integers x and y ,

  • (D x) <: D x times y
  • There exist Gaussian integers q and r such that x = r plus q times y , where (D r)<:D y .
D      =: +/@:*:"1
divide =: <. @ (1r2&+) @ ((times conjugate) % D@])
residue=: ] minus [ times divide~

q=:x divide y and r=:y residue x compute q and r that satisfy the above requirements.

   x=: 3 4
   y=: 2 _5
   ] q=: x divide y
0 1
   ] r=: y residue x
_2 2
   D y
29
   D r
8
   r plus q times y
3 4

GCDs exist in an Euclidean ring and can be computed using the Euclidean algorithm.

gi=: residue/\@|.^:(0 0-.@-:{:)

gi applies to a 2 2 matrix of two Gaussian integers and implements one iteration of the Euclidean algorithm. (It is the identity function if row 1 of the argument is zero.)

   y=: 5 7 ,: 11 _13
   gi y
11 _13
 5   7
   gi gi y
 5  7
_3 _3
   gi gi gi y
_3 _3
_1  1
   gi^:_ y
_1 1
 0 0
   <"2 gi^:a: y
┌──────┬──────┬─────┬─────┬────┐
│ 5   7│11 _13│ 5  7│_3 _3│_1 1│
│11 _13│ 5   7│_3 _3│_1  1│ 0 0│
└──────┴──────┴─────┴─────┴────┘

GCDs are unique to within multiplication by a unit (one of 1 _1 0j1 0j_1 suitably represented). Of the four unit associates, we favor the one in the first quadrant.

U    =: _2]\ 1 0 _1 0 0 1 0 _1
quad0=: ({~ * <./@i. (1 1,:1 0)"_) @ (U times ])
gcd  =: quad0 @ {. @ (gi^:_) @ ,: " 1

For example:

   5 7 gcd 11 _13
1 1
   1 1 residue 5 7
0 0
   1 1 residue 11 _13
0 0

   ] x=: 3 4 times 2 ?.@$ 10^23x
159575762180199862353798 358621571191149837960564
   ] y=: 3 4 times 2 ?.@$ 10^29x
_150624195482901355474791095802 417094671165568842905828047764
   ] c=: x gcd y
18 24
   c residue x
0 0
   c residue y
0 0

   t=: gi^:a: x,:y
   $t
52 2 2
   _5 ,\ ' ' ,. ": ,. 2 %/\ x:^:_1 D {."2 t
 7.8347e_13 1.27637e12    7.74701    5.50826     4.2625
    3.90546    4.44771    50.3477    2.53547     29.567
    5.84651    5.23286    375.061     14.861    6.25772
    10.7852     9.0245    18.2838     9.9903    4.23536
    8.85927    3.56985    4.39535    4.02444    2.99814
    4.80653     9.3591    3.28471    5.87401    26.6918
    5.17959    6.88408    6.54967    4.77162    4.44734
    4.27171    25.6027    3.75665    5.77035     20.581
    4.95218     4.8309     12.683    13.6983    3.40706
     5.3091    4.68169    64.2331    5.35669    4.61765
         34

The last result is a display of the ratios in D values of the divisors from one iteration to the next, and demonstrates the efficacy of divide and of the Euclidean algorithm.

Collected Definitions

plus      =: +"1
minus     =: -"1
times     =: (-/@:* , (+/@:* |.)) " 1
conjugate =: 1 _1 *"1 ]

D         =: +/@:*:"1
divide    =: <. @ (1r2&+) @ ((times conjugate) % D@])
residue   =: ] minus [ times divide~

gi        =: residue/\@|.^:(0 0-.@-:{:)
U         =: _2]\ 1 0 _1 0 0 1 0 _1
quad0     =: ({~ * <./@i. (1 1,:1 0)"_) @ (U times ])
gcd       =: quad0 @ {. @ (gi^:_) @ ,: " 1



See also



Contributed by Roger Hui.